Thesis Bibliographies

Annotated Bibliography

Asch, Ronald G. "Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)." Europe, 1450 to 1789:Encyclopedia

of the Early Modern World, edited by Jonathan Dewald, vol. 6, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, pp. 28-34. World History in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404901121/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&xid=998626b0. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

This source gives a comprehensive description of the Thirty Years War in its entirety, from its beginnings within the HRE to the massive, continent spanning conflict that it grew into. This source will be very useful in identifying the causes and aftermath of the Thirty Years War, in both the religious and political fields. In addition, it also provides descriptions of all the important battles of the TYW, which will be import for my actual historical examination.

Barbero, Alessandro. Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. Translated by Allan Cameron, Folio

Society, 2006

Charlemagne: Father of a Continent, is a book following the life of Charles the Great, his family, and the legacy he left on all of Europe through his rule. Charlemagne started the tradition of the a Roman Empire in Northern Europe, one that would be inherited by Otto the Great in his creation of the HRE almost two centuries later. In this way, examining the legacy Charlemagne left and the example he set for those who would follow him will help me examine the foundations and recurring themes of the HRE.

Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. "Investiture Controversy." Britannica School, Encyclopædia

Britannica, 8 May. 2015 school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Investiture-Controversy/42671.Accessed 20 Feb. 2018.

The Investiture Controversy was one of the first signs of the growing religious fractures between the Papacy and the HRE, so I can use this source to provide historical backing to my arguments on how this controversy would influence later events.

Brady, Thomas A., Jr. "Holy Roman Empire Institutions." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia

of the Early Modern World, edited by Jonathan Dewald, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, pp. 191-193. WorldHistory in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404900522/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&xid=fea5c27c.

Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

To develop my thesis, I will need to delve pretty deep into the history and structure of the Holy Roman Empire, and this source provides a great analysis of the political, economic, and religious institutions with the Empire, many of which would come to influence the religious and political conflict of the 16th and 17h centuries.

"Catholic League." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 23 Aug. 2007.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Catholic-League/21826. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

This short historical description of the Catholic League, one of the main instigators of the Thirty Years War, can be useful for my thesis in the form of how religious confederation formed in the build-up to the TYW. These religious groups caused great political change through their machinations, which follows my main thesis.

"Charlemagne." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 26 Jun. 2017.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Charlemagne/106128#. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

This source is an extensive examination of Charlemagne's life and rule, the first Holy Roman Empire, who set precedence in political and religious structures, and also the strife that comes with these structures, that would exist within the the later Holy Roman Empire. His alliance and subsequent conflict with the Pope also started the long tradition of rivalry between Pope and Emperor.

Darby, Graham. "Westphalia, Peace of (1648)." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early

Modern World, edited by Jonathan Dewald, vol. 6, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, pp. 205-208. World History In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404901195/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&sid=WHIC&xid=d003e6d5. Accessed 24 Apr. 2018.

The Peace of Westphalia put an end to both the Thirty Years’ War and the Wars of Religion, effectively ending an era of European history, and showing how the influence of religion in politics diminished over time.

Fulbrook, Mary. A Concise History of Germany. Cambridge Concise Histories, Cambridge

University Press, 1990.

Despite the name, this source is actually a highly detailed history that covers my period of interest in great depth and breadth, allowing me to use this sources not only as a historical guide to refer to, but also to examine patterns and connections across the long existence of the HRE.

Geary, Patrick J, and James J Sheehan. “Germany.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia

Britannica, Inc., 20 Mar. 2018, 6:54, www.britannica.com/.

A source covering the entire history of Germany, this article is useful both as a historical record, and commentary, as the authors interject frequently with analysis of events that are usually very pertinent to my thesis. As such, I anticipate that this source will be very useful to my thesis overall.

"History of Europe." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 Nov. 2015.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/history-of-Europe/106072#. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

This source is very broad, covering most of the history of medieval and renaissance Europe. However, due to the importance of the events I am studying, my topic features quite prominently in the article, allowing me to easily trace the broad history of the HRE and how it related to the history of Europe.

"Holy Roman Empire." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 May. 2015.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Holy-Roman-Empire/106284. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

Another very broad source, this one covers the entirety of HRE history, from its beginnings under Charlemagne, the turmoil of its middle years, and its death at the hand of Napoleon. Not only is this source historical, it also provides a commentary on much of the events that would become linked under common themes that align with my thesis.

"'Holy Roman Empire' Created, 962." Historic World Events, Gale, 2012. World History in

Context,link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2359070416/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&xid=6ddbb81a. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

An important part of my thesis will be studying the early history of the HRE, and how precedents set by early emperors like Charlemagne and Otto I would come to define not only the structure of the Empire, but also the issues that would plague it centuries later.

"House of Habsburg." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 22 Jul.

2016. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/House-of-Habsburg/110290. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018.

This sources provides a detailed history of the Habsburg family, from their humble beginnings in Austria to their continent-spanning dynasty that controlled many of the crowns of Europe. The Habsburgs were deeply intertwined with the history of the HRE, and thus a study of their history provides context on the greater influence of the Holy Roman Empire.

"Hussite." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 Nov. 2011.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Hussite/41634. Accessed 2 Apr. 2018.

The Hussites were one of the first movements to reformation in continental Europe, and would set an important example for Martin Luther and his cause.

Kaminsky, Howard. "Schism, Great." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R.

Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. World History In Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2353202584/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&sid=WHIC&xid=d3677e9e. Accessed 1 May 2018.

This source details the history and political ramifications of the Great Western Schism, in which the Catholic Church came under control of France, which led in part to the charges of corruption level at Catholicism during the Reformation. It also shows a great example of how religion and politics can so often be mixed.

Kitchen, Martin. Germany. Cambridge Illustrated History, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Another broad source covering the whole of German history, but useful as it provides supporting arguments made in other sources that are pertinent to my overall thesis topic.

Kosolofsky, Craig. "Holy Roman Empire." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the

Early Modern World, edited by Jonathan Dewald, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, pp. 183-191. World History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3404900521/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&xid=610d4072. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018.

This source is not only a comprehensive account of the entire history of the HRE, but also a commentary on how this history is unique and influential to the entirety of Europe, as well as how such a system developed. The analysis provided is of great use to both my background section and my later analysis.

Lerner, Robert E. "Otto I the Great, Emperor." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph

R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. World History in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2353101301/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&xid=4036ab78. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

Often held as the founder of the true HRE in Germany, Otto I is important to my thesis in the imperial institutions he set up in his creation, and how these institutions would shape the later empire.

"Lollard." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 Jul. 2008.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Lollard/48798. Accessed 2 Apr. 2018.

A short, but informational source on the English Lollards, and the effect that they would hold during the time leading to the Reformation.

Nederman, Cary J. "Religion and the State: Europe." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas,

edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz, vol. 5, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, pp. 2078-2080. World History In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3424300683/WHIC?u=va_p_wakef_s&sid=WHIC&xid=7397ae86. Accessed 24 Apr. 2018.

An analysis on the connections of religion and the state throughout European history, focusing especially on the radical changes that emerged during the Reformation era

"Protestantism." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 17 Mar. 2016.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Protestantism/109445. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

An academic source on the the history of the religious movement known as Protestantism, which arose directly from the Reformation and the events within the HRE.

"Reformation." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 14 Nov. 2017.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Reformation/63023. Accessed 2 Apr. 2018.

A broad and concise examination of the causes and effects of the Reformation, both within Germany and without, along with the different forms of reformation that occured.

"Roman Catholicism." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Jul. 2017.

school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Roman-Catholicism/109699. Accessed 9 Oct. 2017.

This source is basically what is says in the name, an article about the history of Roman Catholicism. However, that history is extremely long and detailed, and a great number of my historical events revolve around the Catholic Church, so this source will be useful at many points in my thesis.

Sonino, Paul. “From D'Avaux to Dévot: Politics and Religion in the Thirty Years War.” History,

vol. 87, no. 286, 2002, pp. 192–203. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24425636.

Dealing mostly with France’s involvement in the war and the reasoning behind their intervention, this source was useful for explaining the end of the conflict, and how the religious divides of Europe gave way to political concerns.

Vice, Roy L., and Thomas A. Brady. “The Sixteenth Century Journal.” The Sixteenth Century

Journal, vol. 28, no. 4, 1997, pp. 1387–1389. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2543623.

A source tracing the life of the Reformation, and in particular, the Schmalkaldic War, on a personal level, from the viewpoint of the people of the empire. It dips into how the institutions of the HRE helped the religious wars develop, and let the influence of religion alter political concerns.

Wedgwood, C. V. The Thirty Years War.The New York Review of Books, 2005.

The Thirty Years War is an extremely in-depth and detailed examination of every aspect of the titular conflict, from its convoluted beginnings, to the messy battle analysis and effects, to the final and lasting effects of the war, all of which will feature prominently in my thesis, so this source is a veritable gold-mine of information.

Image Bibliography

Crest of the HRE and Electors, page 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire

Charlemagne, page 4. https://sites.google.com/a/medwayschools.org/laffertyhistory1/charlemagne

Carolingian Empire, page 5. https://www.reddit.com/r/totalwar/comments/2wgw83/the_journey_to_recreate_the_carolingian_empire/

Division of Carolingian Empire, page 6. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/363243526176528312/

Otto the Great, page 7. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/453596993696002281/

Ottonian Empire, page 8. http://churchhistorysurprise.blogspot.com/2011/06/roots-of-reformation-xx-ottonian.html

The College of Electors, page 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector

The Imperial Diet, page 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)

Habsburg Dominions, page 17. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Habsburg_Map_1547.jpg

Road to Canossa, page 22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Canossa

John Wycliffe, page 29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe